Sources

94 references, numbered as they are numbered in the source document. Every milestone on the pioneers list links to the reference numbers it cites.

1. https://www.queensu.ca/alumni/news/the-legacy-of-north-americas-first-indigenous-doctor (accessed 13 September 2026). https://www.queensu.ca/alumni/news/the-legacy-of-north-americas-first-indigenous-doctor

   Cited by: Peter Edmund Jones – Kahkewaquonaby (Mississauga Ojibwe)

2. University of Calgary Press, “After 1876,” in Where Histories Meet; distinguishes his 1866 bachelor’s studies from the medical qualification in 1867. https://ucp.manifoldapp.org/read/3b006323-ea3a-4a36-9d20-cbc8a488a6ab/section/a6a22362-24c4-47ad-840e-9c2cd422b25c (accessed 13 September 2026). https://ucp.manifoldapp.org/read/3b006323-ea3a-4a36-9d20-cbc8a488a6ab/section/a6a22362-24c4-47ad-840e-9c2cd422b25c

   Cited by: Oronhyatekha (Peter Martin; Mohawk) (2)

3. McGill University, “George Edward Bomberry: 1849–1879 (MDCM 1875), McGill’s first Indigenous graduate”. https://healthenews.mcgill.ca/george-edward-bomberry-1849-1879-mdcm-1875-mcgills-first-indigenous-graduate/ (accessed 13 September 2026). https://healthenews.mcgill.ca/george-edward-bomberry-1849-1879-mdcm-1875-mcgills-first-indigenous-graduate/

   Cited by: George Edward Bomberry (Cayuga)

4. University of Manitoba, “150 years of UM”; https://umanitoba.ca/um-150/150-years-um (accessed 13 September 2026). https://umanitoba.ca/um-150/150-years-um

   Cited by: Reginald William Gunn (Métis)

5. Donald B. Smith and Floyd Doctor, “Green, Thomas Daniel,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography; https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/green_thomas_green_16E.html (accessed 13 September 2026). https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/green_thomas_green_16E.html

   Cited by: Thomas Daniel Green (Mohawk)

6. Robert Bird Steinhauer, Dictionary of Canadian Biography (Volume XVII (1941-1950); https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/steinhauer_robert_bird_17E.html (accessed 2 October 2026). https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/steinhauer_robert_bird_17E.html

   Cited by: Robert Bird Steinhauer (Cree)

7. University of Saskatchewan, “National Indigenous History Month: USask moments and milestones”; https://news.usask.ca/articles/community/2024/national-indigenous-history-month-usask-milestones-and-memories.php (accessed 13 September 2026). https://news.usask.ca/articles/community/2024/national-indigenous-history-month-usask-milestones-and-memories.php

   Cited by: Edward Ahenakew (Cree)

8. Elmer Ernest Jamieson, Canadian Encyclopedia; https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/elmer-jamieson (accessed 5 October 2026). https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/elmer-jamieson

   Cited by: Elmer Ernest Jamieson (Mohawk) (3)

9. University of Saskatchewan, “National Indigenous History Month: USask moments and milestones”; https://news.usask.ca/articles/community/2024/national-indigenous-history-month-usask-milestones-and-memories.php (accessed 13 September 2026). https://news.usask.ca/articles/community/2024/national-indigenous-history-month-usask-milestones-and-memories.php

   Cited by: Annie Maude “Nan” McKay (Métis)

10. University of Alberta 10th Annual Convocation; https://archive.org/details/N035415/N035415/mode/1up (accessed 3 October 2026). https://archive.org/details/N035415/N035415/mode/1up

    Cited by: Edgar Donald Lougheed (Métis)

11. The Ontario Medical Register. 1928. p. 111; https://archive.org/details/1928publishedontar00colluoft/page/111/mode/1up (accessed 2 October 2026). https://archive.org/details/1928publishedontar00colluoft/page/111/mode/1up

    Cited by: Thomas James Jamieson (Mohawk) (2)

12. Canadian Veterans Affairs Biography; https://www.veterans.gc.ca/en/remembrance/people-and-stories/gilbert-monture-big-feather (accessed 2 October 2026). https://www.veterans.gc.ca/en/remembrance/people-and-stories/gilbert-monture-big-feather

    Cited by: Gilbert Clarence Monture (Mohawk)

13. Legal Archives Society of Alberta Newsletter Vol. 14, Issue 1, Summer 2025, pg. 7; https://legalarchives.ca/architypes/Architypes14_1.pdf (accessed 3 October 2026). https://legalarchives.ca/architypes/Architypes14_1.pdf

    Cited by: Edgar Donald Lougheed (Métis)

14. Enos T. Montour (Monture) United Church Archival Page: https://catalogue.unitedchurcharchives.ca/montour-enos-t-1899-1984 (accessed 11 October 2026) https://catalogue.unitedchurcharchives.ca/montour-enos-t-1899-1984

    Cited by: Enos T. Monture (Montour) (Lenape or Delaware)

15. Norman Saylor; https://indigenouslawyerhistory.wordpress.com/2021/07/11/list-of-indigenous-lawyer-firsts/ (accessed 5 October 2026). https://indigenouslawyerhistory.wordpress.com/2021/07/11/list-of-indigenous-lawyer-firsts/

    Cited by: Norman Saylor (Mohawk)

16. Norman Lickers; https://indigenouslawyerhistory.wordpress.com/2021/07/11/list-of-indigenous-lawyer-firsts/ (accessed 5 October 2026). https://indigenouslawyerhistory.wordpress.com/2021/07/11/list-of-indigenous-lawyer-firsts/

    Cited by: Norman Lickers (Mohawk)

17. The Indian and Inuit Graduate Register 1975; https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/aanc-inac/R41-25-1975.pdf (accessed 3 October 2026). https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/aanc-inac/R41-25-1975.pdf

    Cited by: Earl Saylor (Mohawk) · John (Jack) Wesley Beaver (Mohawk) · Clarence Saylor (Mohawk) · James Earl Prosper (Acadia) · Léon Gros-Louis (Wendat) · William Ivan Clarke Wuttunee (Cree) · Ahab Spence (Cree) · Claire (Philippe) Juneau (Innu) · Donald B. Hill (Mohawk) · Sydney Snow (Mohawk) · Clare Clifton Brant (Mohawk) · Carole D. Lavallee (Cree) · Noah Carpenter (Inuit) · Beverly Greyeyes (Cree) · Melvyn R. Lavallee · Cecil Reid (Bella Bella) · Daniel Brant (Mohawk)

18. Frank Calder biography for Indspire Awards; https://indspire.ca/laureate/frank-calder-2/ (accessed 6 October 2026) https://indspire.ca/laureate/frank-calder-2/

    Cited by: Frank Calder (Nisga’a)

19. Manitoba Historical Society, “Memorable Manitobans: Jean-Henri Lagasse (1925–1991)”; https://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/lagasse_jh.shtml (accessed 13 September 2026). https://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/lagasse_jh.shtml

    Cited by: Jean-Henri Lagasse (Métis) (2)

20. Gabriel Dumont Institute, Howard Adams archival bachelor’s diploma and biographical collection. https://www.metismuseum.ca/browse/index.php/700 (accessed 13 September 2026). https://www.metismuseum.ca/browse/index.php/700

    Cited by: Howard Adams (Métis) (3)

21. Peter Lougheed Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lougheed (accessed 3 October 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lougheed

    Cited by: Peter Lougheed (Métis) (3)

22. University of Saskatchewan, “National Indigenous History Month: USask moments and milestones”; https://news.usask.ca/articles/community/2024/national-indigenous-history-month-usask-milestones-and-memories.php (accessed 13 September 2026). https://news.usask.ca/articles/community/2024/national-indigenous-history-month-usask-milestones-and-memories.php

    Cited by: William Ivan Clarke Wuttunee (Cree)

23. Old McGill 1957, p. 123: https://yearbooks.mcgill.ca/images/datanode/items/downtown/1957/1957_0127.jpg (accessed 3 October 2026). https://yearbooks.mcgill.ca/images/datanode/items/downtown/1957/1957_0127.jpg

    Cited by: Norman Edgar Smith (Mohawk) (2)

24. Edmonton Community Foundation; https://ecf.ca/funds/in-memory-of-georges-r-brosseau-k-c/ (accessed 3 October 2026). https://ecf.ca/funds/in-memory-of-georges-r-brosseau-k-c/

    Cited by: Georges R. Brosseau (Métis)

25. Aboriginal Multi-Media Society (AMMSA) https://ammsa.com/publications/ontario-birchbark/castellano-appointed-order-canada-0 (accessed 26 September 2026). https://ammsa.com/publications/ontario-birchbark/castellano-appointed-order-canada-0

    Cited by: Marlene Brant Castellano (Mohawk) (4)

26. Museum of Anthropology at UBC, “Remembering Gloria Cranmer Webster”; https://moa.ubc.ca/2023/04/remembering-gloria-cranmer-webster/ (accessed 13 September 2026). https://moa.ubc.ca/2023/04/remembering-gloria-cranmer-webster/

    Cited by: Gloria Cranmer Webster (Kwakwaka’wakw)

27. University of Alberta. Forty-sixth annual convocation for the awarding of scholarships, prizes and medals and the conferring of degrees. Edmonton: University of Alberta; 17 May 1956. Section: Bachelor of Science in Arts and Science (Honors). Programme. https://archive.org/details/N035469/N035469/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://archive.org/details/N035469/N035469/

    Cited by: William Wishart (Métis)

28. University of Alberta. Forty-eighth annual convocation for the awarding of scholarships, prizes and medals and the conferring of degrees. Edmonton: University of Alberta; 16 May 1958. Section: Master of Science. Programme. https://archive.org/details/N035475/N035475/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://archive.org/details/N035475/N035475/

    Cited by: William Wishart (Métis)

29. Wishart, Vernon R. What Lies Behind the Picture?: A Personal Journey into Cree Ancestry. Red Deer, AB: Central Alberta Historical Society, 2006

    Cited by: Vernon Wishart (Métis) (2) · William Wishart (Métis)

30. Drew University Class Notes; https://drew.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/06/notes.pdf (accessed 23 September 2026). https://drew.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/06/notes.pdf

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31. Allard History Project; https://historyproject.allard.ubc.ca/law-history-project/profile/honourable-alfred-j-scow-oc-obc-llb-61 (accessed 26 September 2026). https://historyproject.allard.ubc.ca/law-history-project/profile/honourable-alfred-j-scow-oc-obc-llb-61

    Cited by: Alfred J. Scow (Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis)

32. The O.A.C. Review and Alumni News, volume 73, issue 1, Spring 1961; https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/items/7bc67adf-b140-4f02-87b4-913a04def98b (accessed 3 October 2026). https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/items/7bc67adf-b140-4f02-87b4-913a04def98b

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33. Douglas Cardinal Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Cardinal (accessed 26 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Cardinal

    Cited by: Douglas Cardinal (Métis)

34. Alec Brian Deer Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Brian_Deer (accessed 26 September 2026)1[25] Lillian Eva Dyck Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Dyck (accessed 26 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Brian_Deer

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35. Lillian Eva Dyck Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Dyck (accessed 26 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Dyck

    Cited by: Lillian Eva Dyck (Cree) (4)

36. Graydon Nicholas Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graydon_Nicholas (accessed 26 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graydon_Nicholas

    Cited by: Graydon Nicholas (Maliseet) (3)

37. University of Alberta Calendar, 1972–1973: St. Stephen’s College academic staff lists “Rev. V. R. Wishart, D.D.” as Lecturer in Old Testament; https://archive.org/details/uofa-calendar-1972-73 (accessed 23 September 2026). https://archive.org/details/uofa-calendar-1972-73

    Cited by: Vernon Wishart (Métis)

38. Blackfoot Digital Library, University of Lethbridge Spring Convocation Program, 1972; https://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.com/digital/collection/publications/id/26074 pg. 12 (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.com/digital/collection/publications/id/26074

    Cited by: Leroy Little Bear (Kainai/Blackfoot)

39. University of Alberta Calendar 1974-75 section 242.9.3; https://archive.org/details/uofa-calendar-1974-75/page/n5/mode/2up (access 23 September 2026). https://archive.org/details/uofa-calendar-1974-75/page/n5/mode/2up

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40. Leroy Little Bear Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Little_Bear (accessed 23 September 2026) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Little_Bear

    Cited by: Leroy Little Bear (Kainai/Blackfoot)

41. 50 Years of Indigenous Studies at the University of Lethbridge; https://www.ulethbridge.ca/indigenous/50-years-indigenous-studies (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.ulethbridge.ca/indigenous/50-years-indigenous-studies

    Cited by: Leroy Little Bear (Kainai/Blackfoot)

42. Willie Littlechild Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Littlechild (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Littlechild

    Cited by: Wilton Littlechild (Cree)

43. Roberta Jamieson Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Jamieson (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Jamieson

    Cited by: Roberta Jamieson (Mohawk)

44. Marion Meadmore Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Meadmore (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Meadmore

    Cited by: Marion Ironquill Meadmore (Ojibwe-Cree)

45. University of Alberta Part Three of the Sixty-ninth Annual Convocation for the Conferring of Degrees - May 1979 - Spring Part III – 1979; https://archive.org/details/N035552/N035552/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://archive.org/details/N035552/N035552/

    Cited by: Florence Glanfield (Métis)

46. University of Manitoba, UM Today, 6 November 2013; https://news.umanitoba.ca/native-studies-colloquium-honours-national-leader-in-education-verna-j-kirkness/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://news.umanitoba.ca/native-studies-colloquium-honours-national-leader-in-education-verna-j-kirkness/

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47. Emma LaRoque biography for Indspire Awards; https://indspire.ca/laureate/emma-larocque-2 (accessed 3 October 2026). https://indspire.ca/laureate/emma-larocque-2

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48. Roland Chrisjohn biography the Theytus Books; https://www.theytus.com/Contributors/C/Chrisjohn-Roland (accessed 3 October 2026) https://www.theytus.com/Contributors/C/Chrisjohn-Roland

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49. Verna Kirkness Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Kirkness (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Kirkness

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50. Thomas Dignan biography for Indspire Awards; https://indspire.ca/laureate/thomas-dignan-2/ (accessed 2 October 2026). https://indspire.ca/laureate/thomas-dignan-2/

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51. David Wishart’s University of Alberta directory page; https://apps.ualberta.ca/directory/person/dwishart (accessed 23 September 2026). https://apps.ualberta.ca/directory/person/dwishart

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52. University of Alberta 77th Annual Convocation Part V, for the conferring of degrees for the Faculties of: Law, Medicine, Dentistry, Medical Laboratory Science, Nursing, Physical Education and Recreation, Rehabilitation Medicine, Dental Hygiene - June 1987 - Spring Part V - 1987; https://archive.org/details/N035601/N035601/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://archive.org/details/N035601/N035601/

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53. Cornelia Wieman Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Wieman (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Wieman

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54. Laurentian University’s Tricultural mandate; https://laurentian.ca/academics/faculties/arts/our-tricultural-mandate (accessed 23 September 2026). https://laurentian.ca/academics/faculties/arts/our-tricultural-mandate

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55. Stanley Vollant Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Vollant (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Vollant

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56. Story in Ha-Shilth-Sa; https://hashilthsa.com/news/2019-04-29/richard-atleo-receive-honorary-degree-torontos-ryerson-university (accessed 3 October 2026). https://hashilthsa.com/news/2019-04-29/richard-atleo-receive-honorary-degree-torontos-ryerson-university

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57. David S. Wishart Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Wishart (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Wishart

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58. George E. Sioui Wikipedia page; https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_E._Sioui (accessed 23 September 2026). https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_E._Sioui

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59. John Borrows Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Borrows (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Borrows

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60. Madeleine Dion Stout Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Dion_Stout (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Dion_Stout

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61. Queens University Alumni Review 2012; https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/sites/default/files/assets/alumnireview/issues/QAR-2012-2.pdf (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/sites/default/files/assets/alumnireview/issues/QAR-2012-2.pdf

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62. Eldon Yellowhorn’s SFU Faculty page; https://www.sfu.ca/indg/about/people/faculty/eldon-yellowhorn.html (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.sfu.ca/indg/about/people/faculty/eldon-yellowhorn.html

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63. Jean Becker’s Linked-in page; https://www.linkedin.com/in/jean-becker-83696622/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.linkedin.com/in/jean-becker-83696622/

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64. Nadine Caron Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Caron; (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Caron;

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65. Lynn Redl, “First Aboriginal masters U of A law,” Alberta Sweetgrass, vol. 4, no. 8 (1997); https://www.ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/first-aboriginal-masters-u-law (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/first-aboriginal-masters-u-law

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69. Lloyd James Dempsey biography: https://discoverarchives.library.ualberta.ca/dempsey-james (accessed 16 October 2026). https://discoverarchives.library.ualberta.ca/dempsey-james

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74. Michele Johnson’s UBC Okanagan PhD Thesis; “n̓łəqwcin (clear speech): 1,000 hours to mid-intermediate N’syilxcn proficiency”; https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0074314 (accessed 23 September 2026). https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0074314

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75. Marlowe Sam UBC Okanagan PhD Thesis; “Shedding light on the legacy of colonialism,”; https://news.ok.ubc.ca/2017/05/24/shedding-light-on-the-legacy-of-colonialism/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://news.ok.ubc.ca/2017/05/24/shedding-light-on-the-legacy-of-colonialism/

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77. Naiomi Metallic’s faculty biography; https://www.dal.ca/faculty/law/faculty-staff/our-faculty/naiomi-metallic.html (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.dal.ca/faculty/law/faculty-staff/our-faculty/naiomi-metallic.html

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78. Gerald McMaster Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_McMaster (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_McMaster

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79. Anthony Hart’s Researchgate profile; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Hart-18 (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Hart-18

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80. Kim Anderson Wikipedia page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Anderson_(professor) (accessed 23 September 2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Anderson_(professor

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81. University of Alberta Faculty of Engineering News; https://www.ualberta.ca/en/engineering/about/news/2018/november/first-indigenous-woman-to-graduate-with-phd-in-engineering.html (accessed 23 September 2026). https://www.ualberta.ca/en/engineering/about/news/2018/november/first-indigenous-woman-to-graduate-with-phd-in-engineering.html

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83. McMaster University Daily News; https://dailynews.mcmaster.ca/articles/santee-smith-installed-as-mcmasters-19th-chancellor/ (accessed 23 September 2026). https://dailynews.mcmaster.ca/articles/santee-smith-installed-as-mcmasters-19th-chancellor/

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